In Drosophila, DPP is produced in the dorsal region of the embryo and SOG is produced in the ventral region. Dorsal leading edge cells will form structures of the head. Although their actions are similar, the distribution of these proteins in Drosophila differs from that in Xenopus (as well as in mammals and other vertebrates). In addition, the leading edge cells have moved all the way to the anterior region of the embryo. The dorsal IMZ cells produce the axial mesoderm including notochord and somites. The time-course of the remaining gastrulation movements has been investigated after removal of the dorsal lip. Also note that by the end of this process, the deep cells of the original marginal zone have spread to create a new middle layer of tissue within the embryo, the mesoderm. This results in preferential elongation of the embryo along the forming anterior-posterior axis. (3) Convergence and extension is highly asymmetric the dorsal IMZ cells (shown on the left here) converge and extend much more dramatically than the ventral and lateral regions of the IMZ. (2) The deep cells of the involuting marginal zone (shown in red here), then move into the interior via involution, as they undergo convergence and extension. MCs are particularly intriguing because of their extensive longitudinal connections within the DG. The sequence can be divided into several steps: (1) As the dorsal lip of the blastopore forms, leading edge mesoderm (shown in orange here) is rotated up into the interior of the embryo as "tongue" of material, probably as result of the apical constriction and bending of the blastopore lip by bottle cells. Mossy cells (MCs) of the dentate gyrus (DG) are a major group of excitatory hilar neurons that are important for regulating activity of dentate granule cells. To test this hypothesis, we grafted the DBL or the ventral epidermis (VE) of a donor embryo into the prospective NP of a recipient embryo at stage 12/12.5 and assessed Vangl2 localization at stage 15 (Fig. Gastrulation in Xenopus: Deep Fate MapThe animated sequence below provides an overview of the deep cells of the marginal zone during gastrulation in Xenopus. Our results suggest that the dorsal blastopore lip (DBL) at the posterior end of the embryo is the source of the PCP cue.
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